Electrified telegraphy was the first practical use of electricity for long-distance communication. This was a tremendous improvement over flashing lights and waving signal flags. The well-known Morse ...

Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...

WHAT IS CARRIER PHASE? The obvious answer is: the phase of the carrier. But this is not helpful if you don’t know what a carrier is. A carrier is basically a harmonic electromagnetic wave — a pure ...

Modern oscilloscopes capture, view, measure, and analyze complex RF signals in the time, frequency, and modulation domains. Time-domain analysis, the original oscilloscope function, allows users to ...

Emerging, data-intensive technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning are gaining popularity. Data centers, which act as the essential infrastructure for these technologies, need to ...

As our society’s hunger for data grows—not only more data, but more data delivered faster—older modulation schemes based on NRZ-type encoding grow increasingly inadequate. We need to get data from ...