Direct modulation of a laser 1 has always been used in optical telecommunications. Although distance–capacity product capabilities using this approach have been limited, it represents a very ...

Varying the voltage of a carrier or a direct current in order to transmit analog or digital data. Amplitude modulation (AM) is the oldest method of transmitting human voice electronically. In an ...

Depending on the low-distortion needs of an application, the system engineer can choose from plenty of signal amplifiers. The first step in making the right choice is to understand the typical ...