The proliferation of end-use electrical and electronic loads in customer facilities — residential, commercial, and industrial — is not slowing down. Despite economic pressures, utility customers are ...

IEEE and OIF-CEI each offer different techniques for measuring PAM4 symbol levels. While they both measure the voltage levels of electrical PAM4 signals and are strongly correlated, they're not the ...

Learn about digital states, voltage logic levels, and logic level families for digital signals. This tutorial is part of the Instrument Fundamentals series.

What are HVICs? High-voltage integrated circuits (HVICs) translate low-voltage control signals to levels that are suitable for driving power switches in high-voltage applications. HVICs also can ...

Improper voltage is the one of the greatest causes of failed compressors in three-phase units. We are allowed a 10% deviation over or under the unit nameplate-rated voltage. Most technicians know to ...