Bacterial effectors are proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria into the cells of their host, usually using a type 3 secretion system (TTSS/T3SS), a type 4 secretion system (TFSS/T4SS) or a Type VI …

Bacterial effector proteins are a specialized class of secreted proteins that are translocated directly into the host cytoplasm by bacterial pathogens. Effector proteins have diverse activities and targets, …

Nov 14, 2025 · In this Review, Basler and colleagues examine the type VI secretion system (T6SS), focusing on the diversity of antibacterial T6SS effectors and the evolutionary forces that shape them.

Bacterial effector proteins, delivered into host cells by specialized multiprotein secretion systems, are a key mediator of bacterial pathogenesis. Following delivery, they modulate a range of host cellular …

Apr 26, 2023 · As key virulence proteins, effectors are collectively indispensable for disease development. By understanding the virulence mechanisms of effectors, fundamental knowledge of …

Initial findings in the effector biology field have been centered around effector molecules that de-grade their targets by mimicking eukaryotic proteins. The effectors AvrPphB and AvrRpt2 were the first …

Jun 10, 2025 · Effector proteins are molecules secreted by pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that play a crucial role in their ability to manipulate host cell processes, evade the immune …

Currently, four effector proteins are defined in P. aeruginosa: ExoU, ExoS, ExoT, and ExoY. These effector proteins modulate host cell functions, change cytoskeletal organization, and signal …

Mar 16, 2021 · Multiple gram-negative bacteria encode type III secretion systems (T3SS) that allow them to inject effector proteins directly into host cells to facilitate colonization.

Oct 30, 2025 · Type III secretion systems and their secreted effector proteins are key virulence factors for bacterial pathogens. These effector proteins have long been thought to primarily directly …